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Mata

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Mata


Mata adalah alat optik yang dimiliki oleh makhluk hidup. Bagian-bagian mata adalah:

  1. Kornea atau selaput tanduk sebagai pelindung lensa mata dan pembias cahaya yang masuk ke dalam mata.
  2. Iris. Bagian ini berfungsi mengatur besar kecilnya pupil.
  3. Pupil. Pupil berfungsi mengatur jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke dalam mata. Jika cahaya terang, lingkaran pupil mengecil dan di tempat gelap, lingkaran pupil melebar.
  4. Lensa mata. Lensa mata berbentuk lensa cembung, berfungsi membiaskan cahaya dari benda yang masuk ke dalam mata dan membentuk bayangan. Bayangan bersifat nyata, diperkecil, dan terbalik.
  5. Retina atau selaput jala. Retina berfungsi menangkap bayangan setiap benda yang dilihat oleh mata.


Mata normal (emetropi) adalah mata yang dapat melihat benda pada jarak jauh tak berhingga maupun benda jarak dekat (25 – 30 cm) dengan jelas. Daya akomodasi mata adalah kemampuan lensa mata untuk menebal (daya akomodasi maksimum) dan memipih (daya akomodasi minimum). Daya akomodasi maksimum dilakukan ketika mata melihat benda dekat dan daya akomodasi minimum dilakukan ketika mata melihat benda jauh. Cacat mata dibedakan menjadi 4 jenis, yaitu:

  1. Miopi (rabun jauh). Mata tidak dapat melihat jelas benda-benda yang jaraknya jauh (kurang dari tak berhingga) karena lensa mata tidak dapat memipih secara maksimum. Akibatnya, bayangan benda yang jaraknya jauh jatuh di depan retina. Miopi dapat dibantu dengan lensa cekung (lensa negatif).
  2. Hipermetropi (rabun dekat). Mata tidak dapat melihat jelas obyek yang jaraknya dekat. Hipermetropi disebabkan lensa mata tidak dapat menebal (mencembung), sehingga bayangan benda yang jaraknya dekat jatuh di belakang retina. Hipermetropi dapat dibantu dengan lensa cembung (lensa positif).
  3. Presbiopi (rabun jauh dan dekat), atau disebut rabun ganda. Dapat dibantu dengan lensa fokus ganda.
  4. Astigmatisma. Cacat mata yang disebabkan bentuk lensa mata tidak normal. Dapat dibantu dengan lensa silindris.

 

Sumber: SPM Plus Sukses Menghadapi UN SMP/Mts 2012

Penulis: Bambang K. Kartono, dkk.

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